英語四級長篇閱讀匹配練習題

　　下面是小編整理的，希望對大家有幫助。

　　：The Heart Assoeiation’s Junk Science Diet

　　A.A recent Cambridge University anal ysis of 76 studies involving more than 650，000 people concluded,“The current evidence does not clearly support guidelines that low consumption of total Saturated fats.“Yet the American Heart Association***AriA.，in its most recent dietary guidelines，held fast to the idea that we must A.l eat low.fat diets for optimal heart health.It’s a stance that—at the very best—is controversiA.，and at worst is dead wrong.As a practicing cardiologist***心臟病學家***for more than three decades，I agree with the latte—it’s dead wrong.Why does the AHA cling to recommendations that fly in the face of scientific evidence?

　　B.What I discovered was both eye.opening and disturbin9.The AHA not only ignored A.l the other risk factors for heart disease，but it appointed someone with ties to Big Food and bizarre scientific beliefs to lead the guideline-writing paneHust the type of thing’that undermines the public’s confidence in the medical community.The AHA guidelines warrant that saturated fat make up no more than 5 to 6 percent of daily cal ories for adults because this will lower“bad”cholesterol***膽固醇***.And，for those people who need blood pressure control，the guidelines A.so suggest lowering sodium***salt***intake to no more than a teaspoon***2，300 mg***daily.Despite many other known risk factors for heart disease，salt and fat were，astonishingly,the only two considered by the AHA panel writing the guidelines.There are many other recognized risk factors the AHA ignored，including blood sugar level，low“good”cholesterol，insulin***胰島素***levels，and body weight—an of these are influenced by diet.

　　C.In fact，most people who have heart attacks don’t have elevations in bad cholesterol.They are much more likely to have metabolic syndrome***新陳代謝綜合徵***—a condition that puts you at high risk for diabetes and heart disease.Interestingly enough，blood triglycerides***甘油三脂***do not go up with eating fat—they go up if you eat a diet high in processed grains，starches，and sugar.Unfortunately for the proponents of high-carbohydrate***糖類***diets，high blood triglycerides are a major risk factor for heart disease.In addition.low fat/high carb diets lower protective“good”cholesterol and raise insulin.

　　These diets are involved in the development of diabetes.which is a powerful risk factor for developing heart disease.

　　Heart Cheek Program’s contribution

　　D.The writers of the 20 13 statin guidelines based their recommendations on studies that looked at the reduction in the risk of events like heart attacks in people treated with statinspared to people on a placebo***安慰劑***.The AHA dietary guidelines do not cite any diet studies that looked at whether following a specific diet lowered the risk of developing heart events—yet they are giving dietary advice.Why?There might be two plausible reasons.One is the AHA's moneymaking“Heart Check Program.”The second is the conflict of interest of Robert Ecke—the co-chair of the panel that wrote the guidelines.

　　E.Forty.five percent of these“heart heA.thy”foods—over 400 of them—are meat：92 are processed meats—which have been shown to have either neutrA. or negative effects on heart health.Even more problematic are the foods containing added sugar.The AHA recommends that women consume less

　　than 6 teaspoons***1 00 calories***of sugar a day and less than 9 teaspoons***1 50 caories***for men.Yet there are items that get the nod of approvA. from the Heart Check program despite being near or at the sugar limit.1ike Bruce’s Yams Candied Sweet Potatoes and HeA.thy Choice SA.isbury Steak.

　　F. Until this year,Heart Check approved many foods with trans-fats，which raise bad cholesterol and lower good cholesterol，among other harmful effects on heA.th，like increasing inflammation***發炎***and the laying down of calcium in arteries***動脈***.

　　G.Like the dietary guidelines，the AHA Heart Check Program appears to address only the effect of foods on cholesterollevel and blood pressure.Meanwhile，since the 1 970s，our yearly sugar consumption has increased quickly A.ong with the incidence of diabetes and obesity.This brings us to Dr.Robert

　　H.Eckel，the co-chair of the Working Group.He is a consultant for Foodminds.which specializes“in food，beverage，nutrition，health and wellness.”Foodminds works with more than 30 leading food，beverage，and nutrition to offer a“one stop shop of…consulting…to guide food and beverage companies in navigating the complexities around the upcoming FDA Nutrition Facts label overhaul.”In other words.Foodminds is a lobbying firm for“Big Food.”

　　Creationist’s coming

　　H. And then there is this：Dr.Eckel describes himself as“a scientist and professing six.day creationist and a member of the technicA. advisory board of the Institute for Creation Research…”Many scientists are religious.111is is not to question Dr.Eckel’s religious beliefs.but to question his ability to think sciemificA.ly.He believes there is scientific proof that the world was created in six days and mat evolution does not exist.This should at least raise eyebrows when the co-chair of an influential panel charged with giving scientificA.ly sound dietary advice has a financiA. conflict of interest and proselytizes for beliefs that are anti.scientific.

　　I.The American people should be able to trust that only impartiA. scientists write guidelines.We should be confident that those experts are not working to advance corporate interests and that they do not espouse beliefs that are well outside the scientific mainstream.An avowed creationist who consults for a food lobby hardly seems an appropriate choice to fulfill these criteria.For the last several decades，the AHA has promoted a low.fat higll.carbohydrate diet as a cornerstone of heart health.It has taken a very public position that saturated fats are a major driver of heart disease risk and the mounting tide of evidence that this is dead wrong must put it in a very uncomfortable position.And yet a fundamental requirement of science--as opposed to propaganda--is that when evidence that contradicts a hypothesis is replicated over and over again，that hypothesis must be abandoned.

　　J. The idea that eating high amounts of saturated fat causes hardening of the arteries—the so.called“diet-heart hypothesis—deserves to be iettisoned along with other discredited belief systems.Creationism comes to mind.Will the AHA step up to the plate?

　　46.It is ftm that blood triglyeerides won’t rise when you eat fat,but go up with eating other sugar and starches.

　　47.The processed meats are proved to be harmful more or less to our heart health.

　　48.Many other known risk factors for heart disease have been overlooked by the AHA panel.except for salt and fat.

　　49.It does not aim to query the religious faith of Dr.Eckel，but his capability to ponder scientifically.

　　50.At best.the idea held by AHA that we must A.l eat low.fat diets for optimA. heart heA.th is a controversiA. stance，while at worst，it is dead wrong.

　　51.Many foods approved by Heart Check would be harmful to our body health.

　　52.A hypothesis must be iettisoned when it clashes with the convincing evidence.

　　53.Since the 1970s.our annually sugar accommodation has rocketed A.ong with the occurrence of diabetes and obesity.

　　54.The view that high intake of saturated fat could result in sclerosis of artery should be discarded with other untrustful beliefs.

　　55.The AHA dietary guidelines do not quote any diet researches that can tell us whether a specific diet can decrease the risk of heart disease.

　　46.It is fun that blood triglycerides won’t rise when you eat fat.but go up with eating other sugar and starches.有趣的是，當你食用脂肪時血甘油三酯不會升高，而食用一些糖類或澱粉時就會升高。

　　47.Theprocessedmeatsareprovedto beharmfulmore orlessto ourhearthealth.經預處理的肉多多少少會對我們的心臟健康有負作用。

　　48.Many other known risk factors for heart disease have been overlooked by the AHA panel，except for salt and fat.很多其他影響心臟健康的危險因素被AHA飲食指南制定小組忽略了，但鹽分和脂肪除外。

　　49.It does not aim to query the religious faith of Dr.Eckel.but his capability to ponder scientifically.這並不是在質疑埃克爾博士的宗教信仰，而是他進行科學化思考的能力。

　　50.At best.the idea held by AHA that we must all eat low-fat diets for optimal heart heA.th is a controversial stance，while at Worst，it is dead wrong.從最好的一面來看，AHA堅持我們必須採用低脂肪飲食以達到最佳的心臟健康狀態的觀點是有爭議的，然而最壞的就是，它是大錯特錯的。

　　51.Many foods approved by Heart Check would be harmful to our body health.心臟檢查程式認證通過的許多食物對我們的身體是有害的。

　　52.A hypothesis must be jettisoned when it clashes with the convincing evidence.當一個假設與令人信服的證據衝突時，它應該果斷被摒棄。

　　53.Since the 1970s，Our annually sugar accommodation has rocketed along with the occurrence of diabetes and obesity.自20世紀70年代以來，糖的年供應量隨著糖尿病和肥胖症的高發迅速增加。

　　54.The view that high intake of saturated fat could result in sclerosis of artery should be discarded with other untrustful beliefs.攝入高含量的飽和脂肪會導致動脈硬化的觀點應該和其他不可信的觀念一同被拋棄。

　　55.The AHA dietary guidelines do not quote any diet researches that Can tell uswhether a specific diet Can decrease the risk ofheart disease.AHA的飲食指南並沒有引用任何飲食研究，這些研究也並未指出特定的飲食是否可以降低患心臟病的風險。

　　：Exorbitant***過分的***Privilege

　　A. IN 2012 ICBC，a state.controlled Chinese company that is the world’s most valuable bank，bought four-fifths of the Argentine subsidiary of Standard Bank，a South African firm.The deA. was hailed as a leap forward for“South-South”co-operation—direct economic ties between emerging markets***新興市場***.But one group of fich-world middlemen got a slice of the action：lawyers.ICBC was represented by Linklaters，an English firm，and Standard Bank by Jones Day,an American one.The deal was made under English law,with any differences to be settled in 　　A.l English arbitration center.

　　B.Though emerging markets now account for over hA.f the world’s GDP at purchasing-power parity***購買力平價***，and trade between them is booming，just two developed countries retain a stranglehold on cross-border finance，investment，mergers and acquisitions.Just as America benefits from issuing the world’s reserve currency,America and its former colonial master,Britain,enjoy the exorbitant privilege of issuing the world’s“reserve law”.A global survey by Queen Mary University in London in 2010 of general counsels and legal-department heads found that 40%most frequently did business using English law and another 22%American.generally the law of New York state.No other country’s lawgot a significant share.

　　C.America and Britain reap large rewards from their legal dominance.of the world’s 100 highest-grossing law firms，9 1 have their headquarters in one of the two.America’s legA. sector is bigger than the GDP of Peru;though much of that is because of Americans’litigiousness.a good chunk comes from foreign work.The New York offices of American firms earn around$1.8 billion annually from international.dispute resolution.almost two.thirds of litigants in English commerciA. courts areforeign.At 1.5%.the legA. sector’s share of British GDP is nearly double that in other big European countries.

　　D.Other bits of both countries’economies feel the ripples***餘波***，t00.Foreigners visiting for legal hearings stay in hotels and eat in restaurants.Aspiring lawyers from around the world pay to attend their universities and spread goodwill when they go home.Dependence on American and British law firms makes it harder for deA.makers to move from New York and London to Hong Kong or Frankfurt.Britain’s government describes lawyers as“central to the export of other professionA. services”such as accounting，asset management and banking.

　　E.The competition is often weak：much of China’s commerciallaw was written by Communist Party officials and is fiddled with errors：and though India adopted much of English common law,its courts are notoriously slow.But the incumbents’biggest advantage is that they have common.law systems with centuries of binding precedent.That means they offer as much certainty as any jurisdiction***司法權***can.In civil-law countries such as France，Portugal and Spain，and their ex-colonies，judges have wide latitude to interpret statutes，increasing the risk of nasty legal surprises.Civil systems place more restrictions on acceptable clauses，and often consider the interests of third parties，such as workers or consumers.

　　F.Many other countries would like to break this duopoly***雙頭壟斷市場***.But even those with good laws on Paper would take decades to train enough lawyers and judges to make them stick.The immediate threat to American and British law comes from a trend that dispenses with courts A.together.Parties to a cross-border deal must decide not only which country’s law governs it but how disputes should be resolved.Firms are increasingly opting for private arbitration，which promises confidentiality,

　　speed and lower costs than going to court—and here London and New York are less dominant.

　　G. More recently，new entrants have made inroads.Among the most Successful is Singapore，whose dedicated arbitration venue***仲裁地點***，SIAC，opened in 199 1.Singapore’s government exempts arbitrators from income tax and expedites entry for participants in hearings.SIAC’s caseload has quadrupled in the past decade，with Indian firms particularly keen.Last year they were parties to a third of its 259 new cases.

　　H.With 260 new cases last year,Hong Kong matches SIAC for size.Arbitration is essential for cross-border deA.s involving China，since its iudges rarely enforce foreign court decisions but are bound to uphold arbitration awards by the New York Arbitration Convention，which it signed in 1987.In the past，Chinese flrlns reluctantly accepted distant arbitration venues.But they are increasingly insisting

　　on disputes being heard locally.Exorbitant no more?

　　I.English law remains prevalent in Asian arbitration，accounting for 32%of cases at SIAC.But a recent trend in South America shows how quickly this could change.Of the big emerging economies，the one mat has most effectively promoted its own law is Brazil.Its firms still use third.party law,usually New York’s.to raise money and make acquisitions abroad.But foreign firms active in Brazil often acquiesce to local law,relying on localarbitration as an A.ternative to courts that are politicized and glacially slow.

　　J.Brazil’s govemment created a legal framework for arbitration in 1996，which became widely used after being approved by tlle supreme court in 200 1.Nothing prevents firms from using foreign arbitration—but losers may delay the application of foreign rulings for years***though not for ever***by filing objections in Brazilian courts.In contrast，domestic arbitration awards in local-law cases are deemed

　　equivA.ent to legal rulings，and implemented on the spot.“There’s nothing to fear about having an arbitration in Brazil，”says Stepheno’Sullivan，a former solicitor in England who works for Mattos Filho，a Brazilian firm.

　　K.At first sight，the lawyers of Wall Street and the City of London have the most to lose from the growing popularity of arbitration.Their goyemments are not helping.In Britain authorities often fail to provide timely visas for parties，experts or witnesses.As for America，businesses often complain about the burden of pre.trial discovery,and the threat of unsophisticated juries or elected judges awarding exorbitant damages.In a recent survey,Hogan Lovells，a law firm whose main offices are in London and Washington，DC，asked general counsels around the world which jurisdiction they found most challenging.China finished second--after America.

　　L.In the long run，developing countries may be bigger losers.Local arbitration may facilitate deals and bolster short.term growth.But if it reduces the pressure from multinationals and local finns for simpler laws，berer courts and less political corruption，it may delay attempts to establish legal systems that work not just for businesses b.ut for everyone else too.

　　46.China and India would be very fragile in the competition because of their wrong commercial laws and inemcient courts.

　　47.The exorbitant privilege of issuing world’s“reserve law”make American and Britain the absolute winners in global business resorting to their laws.

　　48.On the contrary，domestic arbitration is considered as legal standards to be adopted immediately.

　　49.America and Britain mostly gain profits from their leading role in providing legal rulings.

　　50.The lawyers，middlemen of rich world，took a share of spoils in the deal.

　　5 1.Local arbitration may bring some facilities in a short time，while it delays the intention for everyone to establish legal systems in the future.

　　52.According to a recent survey,Chinese jurisdiction has been the second most challenging one after America.

　　53.It is a wise choice for foreign finns in Brazil to accept the locA. arbitration rather than politicized and inefficient courts.

　　54.It is a tough task to break this duopoly in a short time.

　　55.Strongly relying on American and Britain law firms render it difficult for parties to trust other reliable firms，such as Hong Kong and Frankfurt.

　　46.China and India would be very fragile in the competition because of their wrong commercial laws and inefficient courts.由於其錯誤百出的商法和低效率的法庭，中國和印度完全沒有競爭力。

　　47.The exorbitant privilege of issuing world’s“reserve law”make American and Britain the absolute winners in global business resorting to their laws.英美可以制定世界“儲備法”的過分特權使其在國際貿易中成為絕對的贏家，他們的法律是完成國際貿易的依據。

　　48.On the contrary,domestic arbitration is considered as legal standards to be adopted immediately.相反地，國內仲裁被看作是合法的標準，應該立刻被採納。

　　49.America and Britain mostly gain profits from their leading role in providing legal rulings.英美大部分的收益源於其在提供合法裁決方面的領先地位。

　　50.The lawyers，middlemen ofrich world，took a share of spoils in the deal.作為發達國家的中間人，律師也在這次交易中分得一杯羹。

　　51.LocA. arbitration may bring some facilities in a short time，while it delays the intention for everyone to establish legal systems in the future.當地仲裁或許能帶來一時的便利，但長遠來看，它會推遲我們構建合法框架的終極目標。

　　52.According to a recent survey,Chinese jurisdiction has been the second most chA.lenging one after America.根據最近的一項調查發現，中國的司法權除美國外，最具挑戰性的。

　　53.It is a wise choice for foreign firms in Brazil to accept the local arbitration rather than politicized and inefficient courts.對於在巴西的外國公司來說，選擇地方仲裁比政治化且沒效率的法庭更加明智。

　　54.It is a tough task to break this duopoly in a short time.短期內想要打破這個雙巨頭壟斷現狀是困難重重的。

　　55.Strongly relying on American and Britain law firms render it difficult for parties to trust other reliabk firms.such as Hong Kong and Frankfurt.對英美律師事務所的強烈依賴感致使貿易雙方很難再相信翼他可靠的律師事務所，如香港和法蘭克福。