1)話題引出段 Nowadays, there is a growing concern over the issue of … People in growing numbers are directing their attention to … With the development of … , the problem of … has become increasingly serious. When it comes to … , people's notions may vary from one to another. Recently, a heated discussion has sprung up as to … Traditional virtue/value has it that… , yet people are… currently.
2)圖畫圖表描述段 As is vividly shown in the picture,… It is clearly depicted in the picture that… This picture depicts a thought-provoking scene of … According to the figures given in the chart,… The chart above provides a series of essential figures, illustrating the changes taking place in a time span of … years.
3) 觀點對比段 Opposite voices are now rising in the debate. Some people firmly believe that… . On the contrary, quite a few people argue that… The controversial issue has aroused opposite opinions. One focuses on … ;the other opinion revolves around…
4)利弊列舉段 Every coin has two sides, and this issue is no exception. Above all, … In addition… More importantly… However, the negative influence it renders should not be neglected. … not only … but also Is this phenomenon a blessing or a curse.? The following list of advantages and disadvantages can explain everything.
5)舉例論證段 For instance; Take… for an example; A case in point is… The following illustrations can serve as strong evidence of the phenomenon.
6)原因列舉段 Why should this phenomenon take place? There are generally three factors accounting for it. Having taken everything into consideration, we may attribute the sharp change to three aspects.
7)意義闡釋段 The purpose of the picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to… The fact/phenomenon that… indicates that … Having scrutinized the details of the picture, we can discuss the implications subtly conveyed from it.
8)歸納結論段 In conclusion, In my opinion, As far as I am concerned, Taking into account all the analyses above, we may confidently come to the conclusion that…
9)預測趨勢段 There is no denying that … will continue increasing/decreasing in the better/worse direction. Undoubtedly, the tendency reflected from the chart will undergo a continuous increase/decrease in the near future.
10)建議措施段 Therefore, it is imperative that we should take some drastic measures. As far as I am concerned, two effective measures must be immediately taken to pull through the crisis. As a result, it is advisable to settle the problem by two means.
1. with + 名詞 + 現在分詞或過去分詞所構成的獨立主格: 1) With the prices and house rents increasing rapidly, many young university graduates cannot earn their living, let alone support their parents www.faqikan.com國家級期刊(21 words) 譯文:隨著(由於)物價和房租迅速上漲,許多年輕大學畢業生無法掙錢養活自己,更不用說贍養父母了。
2. not so much ... as ... (=less ... more ...) 的譯法:
2)In order to detect the misprints in a single print, the proofreader has to notice not so much the meaning of what he reads as the exact shape and order of letters and words in the text. (37 words) 譯文:為了發現稿件中的印刷錯誤,校對員必須與其說注意所讀材料的含義,倒不如說注意文章中字母和單詞的確切形狀和順序。 3. more ... than 的譯法:逆序法。
3) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term intelligence than there is on how to interpret or classify them. (26 words) 譯文:人們對智力所指的不同種類的行為表現比對這些表現如何進行解釋或分類,看法更為一致。
4) Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business.
(2003試題) 譯文:與有另一條鐵路競爭這筆生意時相比,鐵路公司對這樣一些"被套住的"貨主特意多收20-30%的運費。(2003試題) 5) They teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. “國家級期刊”
(2006試題) 譯文:他們可以把書教得很好,而且不僅僅是為了掙薪水,但他們大多數人卻很少或沒有對需要進行道德判斷的、人的問題進行獨立思考。
4. as ... as ... , as much ... as ..., as many ... as ... , as well as ..., as 從句,not ... , as ... 的靈活譯法: 6) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. (36 words) 譯文:雖然歷史學的定義與歷史學家幾乎一樣多(=雖然幾乎每個歷史學家都有自己對歷史學的定義),但是現代史學家的實踐最接近於符合這 樣一個定義(出版社徵稿),歷史學是試圖重現和解釋過去的重大事件(=史實)。 7) But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest. 譯文:但是肯定與去年五月"美國新聞和世界報導"中一篇文章似乎表明的不一樣,那並不是說,關注工業無節制發展的環境專家是反科學的。
5. what從句的譯法 - what詞義的引申譯法: 8) What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system. (24 words) 譯文:他認為,他所論證的 是,缺乏對事件的駕馭能力而不是經驗本身是削弱免疫系統的原因。
6. 定語從句的前置合譯法: 9)On the whole, such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. (58 words) 譯文:總的來說,得出這種結論是有一定程度把握的,但是必須具備兩個條件:能夠假定這個孩子對測試的態度和與他比較的另一些孩子的態度 相同;他也沒有因為缺乏別的孩子已掌握的有關知識而被扣分。
7. 定語從句的前置合譯法與後置分譯法:（省級期刊）
8. 定語從句的溶合譯法: 10)This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work. 譯文:這種假設是依據這樣一種謬論:人的本性中存在天生的惰性。而實際上,除了特別懶惰的人以外,幾乎沒有人願意掙只相當於最低生活維 持費的錢,也沒有人願意飽食終日、無所事事。
9. 形容詞短語前置,用法相當於分詞短語,表示各種隱含的狀語意義:
10. 形容詞短語後置,作定語,用法相當於分詞短語,可合譯,也可分譯:(本句採用逆序法翻譯)11)There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. (29 words) 譯法:上面整句採用逆序法翻譯。 譯文:方法論究竟是指一般歷史研究中特有的概念,還是指歷史探究中各個具體領域適用的研究手段,人們對此意見不一。 11. not + 謂語動詞 ... + because ... 的否定轉移譯法:12)Individual manufacturers do not necessarily rely on their relatives because they cannot obtain financial support from commercial banks. They may actually avoid them because they assume that the banks either cannot understand their special needs or charge unreasonably high interest rates. (41 words) 譯文:個體企業家並不是因為無法從商業銀行借到金融貸款而必須依靠他們的親屬。他們可能實際上躲開銀行,因為他們覺得這些銀行要麼不能 理解少數民族企業的特殊需要,要麼收取的利率太高。
12. not that ... , but that ...或強調形式:It is not that ..., but that ... 的漢譯: 13)Our boast is not that we have more ideas or brilliant ideas but that our ideas are better tested. 譯文:我們自我誇耀倒不是因為我們的主意多或我們的主意好,而是因為我們的主意都是經過更好檢驗的。
13. It was not until that ... 與Not until ... 的譯法: 14)As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium. (=It was discussed before that not until the 19th century did the newspaper become the dominant pre-electronic medium.) 譯文:正如以前談過,直到19世紀報紙才成為電子時代以前的主導媒體。
經過對各類考研作文的分析和挖掘,我們發現,在200詞以下的短作文中,三段設置是一個比較合理的格局。特別是提綱三點出現的內容和規 律,我們可以發現一共出現過十種常見的段落。這些功能段落通過組合,可以形成多種多樣的考法。由於考研寫作相對來說比較模式化,因此段 落的出現也很有規律。可以看出以下的情況:
第一段: 話題引出段 / 圖畫圖表描述段 第二段: 觀點列舉段 / 利弊分析段 / 舉例論證段 / 原因列舉段 /意義闡釋段 第三段: 歸納結論段 / 未來趨勢段 / 建議措施段 任何一次考試,只要在以上段落中進行三段組合,就可以進行一種命題。把握住了這種規律,考生就可以解剖大作文。把任何大作文看作三個部 分的組合,如果有了各部分組合的固定精彩語言,就可以以不變應萬變。以下列舉出十大功能段落的精彩句型,供大家背誦使用。
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